One of the most basic types of astrophotography and yet equally stunning is that involving star trails, particularly around the celestial poles or immediately due east or west. In addition to capturing the motion of stars around the north pole which are circumpolar and, hence, never rise or set, we also have the ability to capture seasonal constellations and stars in such photos, thus allowing for different opportunities during different seasons. Star trail photos also provide direct evidence that our planet rotates and does so at a rate of 15° per hour. Furthermore, by studying the arc for a particular star, especially as far away from the pole as possible, one can indirectly estimate the length of the (total) exposure which often ranges from seven to eight hours in duration and is totally dependent on the end of astronomical twilight one evening and its onset the following morning.

Many star photos are centered on Polaris, a double star system which represents our quickest means to locating the north celestial pole, for it lies less than 1.0° from it, and is an excellent starting point for the polar alignment of a telescope (and finding your way home if you are lost!). Due to the extended length of the typical exposures involved, the best film for such work is Kodak Elite Chrome (ISO 100) whose reciprocity failure is nearly zero or Fujichrome Velvia and Provia (ISO 50 and 100) emulsions with equally impressive curves! With respect to equipment, it is rudimentary, for a camera with extended exposure capibility is required along with a firm tripod and shutter release and locking cable. It is also preferable that the camera used have a mechanical shutter so that battery consumption and power does not become an issue during mid-exposure. The final requirement is a location with dark skies - the darker the better so that the trails and their colouration will be as bright and contrasty as possible - with, preferably, an interesting foreground which can be used to enrich the final result.

Note: The impressive stone monument below was erected in celebration of the victory in the Battle of Leuktra (371 BC) and is often referred to as Epameinonda's Trophy ("Τρόπαιο του Επαμεινώνδα") in honour of the general who not only led the forces from Boeotia into battle against the legendary Spartans led by King Kleomvrotos I but managed to defeat them and in spite of being far outnumbered (10,000 Spartan hoplites and 1,000 horsemen against 6,000 Boeotian hoplites). The cylindrical monument is capped by a dome adorned with a stone relief comprised of nine battle shields collected from the defeated enemy soldiers. The monument was dispersed in various pieces and which were reassembled following their discovery by the archaeologist Anastasios Rolandos in 1958. Various local coins cut between 288-244 BC depict the monument's apex with a trophy comprised of a chest armour, round shield, spear and battle helmet. Unfortunately, the trophy was never found following excavation.

Note: For additional photos of the sun and/or full moon against other well-known monuments and sites from around the world, please click here.